Thank you @britzl for replying so fast.
I got the camera script working now and made sure that it will also zoom in if the screen resolution is higher than the defined one.
The reason for the choppy movement of the character and partially of the background on the Samsung Galaxy S7 actually was no performance issue since I scaled down the resolution to 720p instead 1080p and also tried decreasing the frame rate from 60 to 30. After finding out that this doesn’t solve the problem I did some more research and the issue turned out to be caused by insufficient precision in the vertex program of the sprite material as @Andreas_Jirenius says here:
So setting the precision from mediump to highp and then assigning the new material which includes the new vertex program to all sprites works.
Still, I have another question now.
How to get the modified fixed_aspect_ratio script to draw black bars / not render the areas around the aspect ratio region if the screen has a different aspect ratio than the game?