I removed the extensions as you suggested, but no luck.
I also cleared out my custom bundle resources, Android manifest, and Native Extension manifest from game.project.
Very confusing since it builds fine locally for PC/Mac debugging.
Below are my Defold version and game.project. Seemed to work fine in prior versions, but I skipped a couple.
[project]
title = Apple Spider
version = 1.4.7
bundle_resources = /assets/bundle
dependencies#0 = https://github.com/rgrams/rendercam/archive/refs/tags/1.0.3.zip
dependencies#1 = https://github.com/AGulev/DefVideoAds/archive/refs/tags/4.4.0.zip
dependencies#2 = https://github.com/defold/extension-gpgs/archive/refs/tags/2.5.0.zip
dependencies#3 = https://github.com/subsoap/defsave/archive/refs/tags/v1.2.4.zip
dependencies#4 = https://github.com/defold/extension-iap/archive/refs/tags/4.0.0.zip
dependencies#5 = https://github.com/defold/extension-review/archive/refs/tags/3.1.0.zip
dependencies#6 = https://github.com/subsoap/defglot/archive/refs/heads/master.zip
[bootstrap]
main_collection = /main/main.collectionc
render = /rendercam/rendercam.renderc
[input]
game_binding = /input/game.input_bindingc
use_accelerometer = 0
[display]
width = 640
height = 1136
update_frequency = 0
[ios]
app_icon_120x120 = /assets/app_icons/Icon-120.png
app_icon_180x180 = /assets/app_icons/Icon-180.png
app_icon_76x76 = /assets/app_icons/Icon-76.png
app_icon_152x152 = /assets/app_icons/Icon-152.png
app_icon_57x57 = /assets/app_icons/Icon-57.png
app_icon_114x114 = /assets/app_icons/Icon-114.png
app_icon_72x72 = /assets/app_icons/Icon-72.png
app_icon_144x144 = /assets/app_icons/Icon-144.png
app_icon_167x167 = /assets/app_icons/Icon-167.png
launch_image_320x480 = /assets/launch_images/ios_launch_320x480.png
launch_image_640x960 = /assets/launch_images/ios_launch_640x960.png
launch_image_640x1136 = /assets/launch_images/ios_launch_640x1136.png
launch_image_750x1334 = /assets/launch_images/ios_launch_750x1334.png
launch_image_768x1024 = /assets/launch_images/ios_launch_768x1024.png
launch_image_1536x2048 = /assets/launch_images/ios_launch_1536x2048.png
launch_image_1024x768 = /assets/launch_images/ios_launch_1024x768.png
launch_image_1242x2208 = /assets/launch_images/ios_launch_1242x2208.png
launch_image_2208x1242 = /assets/launch_images/ios_launch_2208x1242.png
launch_image_2048x1536 = /assets/launch_images/ios_launch_2048x1536.png
launch_image_2048x2732 = /assets/launch_images/ios_launch_2048x2732.png
launch_image_2732x2048 = /assets/launch_images/ios_launch_2732x2048.png
launch_image_1334x750 = /assets/launch_images/ios_launch_1334x750.png
launch_image_1125x2436 = /assets/launch_images/ios_launch_1125x2436.png
launch_image_2436x1125 = /assets/launch_images/ios_launch_2436x1125.png
launch_image_1668x2224 = /assets/launch_images/ios_launch_1668x2224.png
launch_image_2224x1668 = /assets/launch_images/ios_launch_2224x1668.png
bundle_identifier = dev.skaterdad.applespider
[osx]
bundle_identifier = dev.skaterdad.applespider
[android]
app_icon_36x36 = /assets/app_icons/Icon-36.png
app_icon_48x48 = /assets/app_icons/Icon-48.png
app_icon_72x72 = /assets/app_icons/Icon-72.png
app_icon_96x96 = /assets/app_icons/Icon-96.png
app_icon_144x144 = /assets/app_icons/Icon-144.png
app_icon_192x192 = /assets/app_icons/Icon-192.png
input_method = HiddenInputField
package = dev.skaterdad.applespider
immersive_mode = 1
debuggable = 0
version_code = 1047
manifest = /AndroidManifest.xml
target_sdk_version = 31
display_cutout = 0
minimum_sdk_version = 19
[script]
shared_state = 1
[physics]
gravity_y = 0.0
scale = 0.01
max_collisions = 200
max_contacts = 200
trigger_overlap_capacity = 300
[sprite]
max_count = 500
[particle_fx]
max_count = 200
max_particle_count = 2048
[gui]
max_particlefx_count = 20
[gpgs]
app_id = 418086620093
use_saved_games = 0
request_server_auth_code = 0
request_id_token = 0
[library]
include_dirs =
[iap]
auto_finish_transactions = 0
[native_extension]
app_manifest = /engine.appmanifest
[graphics]
texture_profiles = /compressed.texture_profiles